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  Principales of inheritance and variations Genetic       Collective study of heredity and variations.              Term given by w.Bateson . Heredity                 Transmission of genetic characters from parents to offsprings . Variations               Individuals of same species have some differences G.J Mendel. -  Father of genetics W.Bateson.     Father of Modern Genetic . Morgan -          Father of experimental genetic Some genetical terms (1) Factors    Unit of heredity which is responsible for inheritance . (2) allele.                      Alternative forms of gene which are located on same position on the homologous chromosome . (3) Homozygous                        A zygote is formed b...

 Viroid Viroids are small ,single standard ,circular molecule of infectors RNA.  Viroids lack protein coat . Viroid was low-molecular-weight . New infectious agent that was smaller than virus. Cause potato spindle Tuber disease. It was found to be free RNA. Viroid was first time discovered by T.O.Deiner 1971 in potato spindle Tuber disease. Example :- Cadang-cadnag disease of coconut, Citrus exocortis.

The term lichen was first given by Theophrastus . Study of lichen are called Lichenology . Father of lichenology is Erik Acharius . Major part of lichen thallus is composed of fungal component. Like in a distinct group of organisms having two component :- Algal component called phycobiont . Fungal component called mycobiont . algal component of lichen synthesise carbohydrate by photosynthetic and provide nutrition to fungal component and fungal component provides shelter and absorb nutrition and water for its partner lichen as an example of symbiosis . Economic importance of lichens Lichen as a source of dye. Litmus is obtained. Usnic acid  is important broad spectrum antibiotic. Indicator of air pollution . Lichen are very sensitive to Sulphur dioxide and die at the higher level of Sulphur dioxide. Lichen age biological pollution indicator. Forest fire. Usnea popular known as old man beard is of inflammable nature it is responsible for forest fire during summer season. On the ba...

 Viruses The name virus means venom or poisonous fluid was given by  pasture.D.J.Ivanowsky   (1892) recognise mosaic disease of  tobacco. Father of plant virology Beijirinck . Characteristic of virus Virus are  non cellular  organisms. Viruses are  obligate parasite.  Submicroscopic They have either RNA or DNA virus . No virus both contain DNA and RNA. they are inert outside their specific host. They contain nucleici acid, capable of protein synthesis. Virus infect plants have single stranded RNA. But in cauliflower mosaic virus double stranded DNA is present. Virus affect animals  have either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA. Virus have outer layer  capsid . Capsid is protein coat made of a small units  called  capsomeres . Central core + capsid are collectively known as nucleocapsid. These capsomeres arrange in helical or polyhedral geometrical forms. Bacteriophage or bacterial virus  Virus that ...

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 Bacteria of Morphology, Structure, Types , flagella. Bacteria Father of bacteriology is Louis Pasteur. Father of bacteriological technique  is Robert koch-given Koch postulates. Anton von leeuwenhoek first time seen bacteria and protozoa under a self-made microscope and regard them  as Animalcules.  F.J .Cohn coined the term bacteria.  Morphology of bacteria  Coccus - spherical shaped. Diplococcus - cocci from paired cells . Tetracoccus - four cells arranged in a cube.  Streptococcus - chain of cocci.  Sarcina - division in three planes produces eight cells arranged in a  cube.  Staphylococcus - grape-like cluster. Bacillus - rod or capsule. Vibrio - comma shaped. Spirillum - rigid, wavy shaped.  Spirochaete - cork-screw shaped. Star-like - star-shaped bacteria. Types of bacteria Stalked bacteria: e.g. Caulobacter, Gallionella. Budding bacteria: e.g. football shaped, network of cells Myxobacteria: e.g. gliding bacteria, lack rigid ...