Fungi Reproduction (vegetative , asexual and sexual reproduction).

Fungi Reproduction (vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction).

Fungi reproduction are three types.

• Vegetative reproduction
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction.                                               (1). Vegetative reproduction
• Fragmentation
• Budding
• Fission 
• Sclerotia

• Rhizomorphs.                                                         (2). Asexual reproduction.
• Zoospores
• Sporangiospores
• Chlamydospores
• Oidia
• Conidia.                                                                                  Sexual reproduction
• Planogametic copulation.
• Gametangial contact
• Gametangial copulation
• Spermatisation
• Somatogamy
• Heterothallism.      
  
                                                    

(1) vegetative reproduction

(1)Fragmentation

1. Mycelium is break down into two or more fragment .each fragment grow independently.

• (2). Budding
• Parents produce one or more projection called bud. E.g. Yeast
  
• (3). Fission
• Parents cell split into two equal halves and develop into new individual.
• (4). Sclerotia
• Interwoven  form of hyphae have compact mass and get surrounded by a hard covering or rind. 
• Such structures are called sclerotia. 
• Remain dormant under unfavourable conditions and germinate into new mycelia on the return of favourable conditions.
• (5). Rhizomorphs
• Interwoven  form of hyphae and rope-like structures called rhizomorphs. 
• Under favourable conditions, they resume growth to give rise to new mycelia.
• (2) Asexual reproduction
•            (1). Zoospores
• Motile spores produced called zoosporangia. 
• These spores do not have a cell wall. 
•  such as Achyla and Saprolegnia.
•   (2). Sporangiospores
• These are non-motile spores produced inside structures called sporangia in fungi .
• such as Rhizopus and Mucor. These spores are dispersed by wind
• (3). Chlamydospores
• These are thick walled resting spores which arise directly from hyphal cells. 
• They reserve food material.
• 
  
• (4). Onidia
•  Spore like structures formed by the breaking up of hypha cells.
• Food are not store and hence cannot survive under unfavourable conditions. 
• Such spores are produced in Rhizopus.
• (5). Conidia.
•  Non-motile spores are produced singly or  chains at the tip of the hypha branches that are called conidiophores. 
• E.g: Aspergillus and Penicillium.
  
• (3). Sexual reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction mostly all groups of fungi except the fungi-imperfecti or Dueteromycetes. 
• fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy) ,
• fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) 
• production of meiotic spores (meiospores).
• most of the lower fungi plasmogamy is immediately followed by karyogamy and meiosis.
•  Higher fungi karyogamy is often delayed so the hyphae remain dikaryotic.
•  This phase of fungal life cycle is called dikaryophase. 
• Such fungi complete their life cycle in three phases
•  haplophase, 
•  dikaryophase and 
•  diplophase. 
• (1). Planogametic copulation.
•  When both the gametes are motile and morphologically similar, the fusion process is called isogamy.      
•    e.g.: Synchytrium: 
• when both the gametes are motile but differ in their size, the fusion process is called anisogamy.        
• e.g.: Allomyces: 
• one gamete (male) is smaller and motile and the other (female) gamete is larger and non motile, the fusion  is called heterogamy.
• (2) Gamatangial contact.
• Gametangia (structure of male gamete) come closer to each other and develop a fertilisation tube through which the male gamete migrates into the female gametangium.
• e.g.: Phytophthora, Albugo.
• (3). Gametangium copulation.
• The gametangia fuse with each other, lose their identity and develop into a zygospore.
• e.g.: Mucor, Rhizopus.
• (4) Spermatisation.
• Tiny unicellular spore like structures called spermatia 
• Spore transferred to female gametangia through various agencies.
• E.g. Puccinia.
• (5). Somatogamy.
•  Fusion occurs between two somatic cells and involves only plasmogamy . This result in the formation of dikaryotic hyphae. This process is called dikaryotization.
• E.g. Agaricus.
• (6). Heterothallism.
• Fungal hyphae can distinguished into two types homothallic(same)  and heterothallic (two different).