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Cockroach (Morphology, Anatomy) Cockroach are brown or black body animals. Cockroach belong to phylum arthropoda. Cockroach are also bright yellow, red and green coloured are found in tropical region. Size of cockroach 1/4 inch to 3 inchs (0.6 - 7.6 )cm. Nocturnal omnivores. Live in damp palace Morphology Species of cockroach periplaneta Americana. Cockroach of body divisible into three regions head ,thorax and abdomen Entire body is covered by hard chitinous exoskeleton (brown in colour). Exoskeleton has hardened plates called Sclerites. Head is triangular in shape. Head is fusion of 6 segments and so great mobility on all direction. Antenna help in monitoring environment. Head bear mouth parts for biting and chewing. Mouth part consists of labium(lower lip),labrum(upper lip),a pair of mandibles and maxillae. Thorax consists of three parts prothorax ,mesothorax, and  metathorax. First pair of wings arise from mesothorax. Second pair ...

Fungi Reproduction (vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction). Fungi reproduction are three types. Vegetative reproduction Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction.                                               (1). Vegetative reproduction Fragmentation Budding Fission  Sclerotia Rhizomorphs.                                                         (2). Asexual reproduction. Zoospores Sporangiospores Chlamydospores Oidia Conidia.                                                                                   Sexual...

   Kingdom Fungi of Classes Phycomycetes  Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes.                                                   (1) phycomycetes Found in aquatic decaying wood in moist and damp palace. Obligate parasite Mycelium is aseptate Coenocytic. Asexual reproduction Example for mucor, rhizopus, (bread mould ) and albugo (fungi on mustard plant).                         (2).  Ascomycetes Also called sac fungi  mostly multicellular   Rarely unicellular e.g., Yeast.  saprophytic ,decomposer, parasite and coprophilos (grow on dung). Mycelium is branch and septate Mycelium called Conidiophores. Spores called ascospores. Fruiting bodies called ascocarps. Example are Aspergillus,claviceps and Neurospora. Neurospora used in biochemical and geneti...

Kingdom Fungi Fungi is unique kingdom Fungi have great diversity in mythology and habitat. Fungi are Cosmopolitan  which occur in air, water, soil and on animal and plant . Mostly fungi are heterotrophic and observed nutrition .( saprophytes) Unicellular fungi are Yeast. Cell wall of fungi composed of chitin and polysaccharide. Fungi in reproduction are vegetative ,asexual and sexual reproduction. Mushroom and toad stools are  also fungi and you eat. body structure are long ,slender and thread like structure called hyphae.  Network of hyphae is called is known as mycelium . Fungi are saprophyte and parasite . Fungi are associated with algae  known as lichen. Fungi are associate with roots of higher plants known as Mycorrhiza.                                Wheat rust cause Puccinia . Asexual reproduction by spores called Sporangiospores Zoospores.  Conidia Sexual reproduc...

Biotechnology Application in agriculture: (1) agrochemical based  agriculture. (2) organic agriculture: and (3) genetically engineered crop based agriculture. Use of genetically modified plants :- To enhance nutritional quality of food Made crop more tolerant to abiotic stress (cold, drought,salt heat). Help to reduce post harvest loss             eg. Flavr savr Tomato:transgenic variety of tomato - flavr savr due to the inhibition of polygalacturonas enzymes which degrade pectin so that tomato variety remain fresh and retain flavour much longer . Flavr savr Tomato develop why antisense Technology . Increase efficiency of mineral uses by plant. To produce bio pharmaceutical product.           Produce of Hirudin.  Hirudin is a protein that prevents blood clotting. To produce herbicides resistance plant.          Pest resistant crop:   (1) insect resistance plant example Bt cotton . some strain ...

Biotechnology Definition of biotechnology biotechnology is the application of biological organism, system or process to manufacturing and service industries. Biotechnology is the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering science in order to achieve technological application of the capability of microorganism culture tissue cell .. Application of biotechnology. Tissue culture Gene technology Hybridization and monoclonal antibiotics of biotechnology Biotechnology in medicine Biotechnology and protein engineering Biotechnology in agriculture Biotechnology in environment . Tissue culture   It is a artificial technique of culture tissue . Advantages of tissue culture rapid multiplication with limited space  it is not time bound and Not season bound  free from pest and disease  limitation and disadvantage laborious,costly ,special risk is required.

Biotechnology Biotechnology term given by Karl Ereky. Biotechnology  deal with technique of using live organisms or enzymes from to produce product and process useful to humans.  Iinterrogation of natural science and organism, cells,parts there of and molecular analogue for product and service. Principales of Biotechnology Two core techniques of modern biotechnology (1).   Genetic engineering (2).    Boiprocess Technology Genetic engineering :-technique to alter the chemistry of genetic material, to introduce these into host organism and those change the phenotype of the host of organisms. Boiprocess Technology :-chemical engineering process to enable growth of only the desired microbes  in a large quantity for the manufacture of biotechnological product  like antibiotics, vaccine, enzymes etc. Outcome of genetic engineering was two very significant discovery made in bacterial research. There there (1) plasmid Presence of extrachromosomal DNA fragment....